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Chapter 9 Summary
Paradigm Shifts (1998–? )
The book concludes with a cosmological survey in which the author illustrates the interdependence between his existence and all life on Earth. This relationship is embodied in the Gaia theory, in which Gaia is seen as a superorganism consisting of every living entity and our planet. While reviewing both biological and sociological evolution to support this new view of reality, the author explains how paradigms of reality have repeatedly changed over the centuries, with commonly accepted truths of the day becoming tomorrow’s myths. From prehistoric animism to Judeo-Christian monotheism, from the absolutes of the 17th century to today’s relativity and chaos theories, humanity’s consensus of reality has repeatedly changed. Since this brief synopsis can only touch upon the interconnectedness of everything that exists, the author provides ample references for further investigation. Furthermore, he points out how apparent contradictions in life are really false dichotomies. Great philosophers of all ages have accepted contradictions as essential complementary elements of reality, from the ancient Eastern concept of yin and yang to 19th-century dialectics and today’s cutting-edge physics and life sciences.
The parting message of the author is that all human beings have the capacity to change their personal paradigms regardless of how challenging or uprooting such changes may be. If people become aware of their roles in life, and if they have the courage to change these roles, perhaps they will stand a better chance of contributing to the creation of a better world. Since no road continues forever, travelers should keep an open mind, continually evaluating reality for themselves, rather than becoming trapped into accepting the realities of others.
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How Many Roads? Copyright © by Howard Sodja 2002